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    July 05

    重读TCP/IP 详解卷一之读书笔记

    第一章:概述
    讲述了分层的概念,解释了链接层/网络层/传输层/应用层,这里都是描述性的解释,并不精确。总之我们明白网络层负责routing,传输层为应用程序提供可靠的端对端的传输。网络层其实是不可靠的,传输层是可靠的(TCP)。
     
    这些只对TCP/IP这个具体的协议占有效,其实IP over ATM, ethernet over MPLS.....,上层可以是不可靠的,下层可以是可靠的。。。。
     
    有两个RFC值得一看:主机需求RFC1122,1123
    路由器需求,RFC1009
     
    第二章:链路层
    以太网封装是在RFC894提出来的
    IEEE802封装是后来在RFC1042提出来的,两种格式并不一样。
    以太网是一个无连接,无确认的链路层,报头中部给出长度,长度实际是硬件给出的。
    IEEE802中包含了一个LLC,这实际上可以提供一个由连接,有确认的数据链路层,而且报头上含有长度,所以可以由软件来实现连接。
    如果length/type>1500,我们可以认为是以太网。
    length/type<1500,可以认为是IEEE802.
     
    本章中还提出了PPP这种链路层,讲述了如何构造一个数据链路层,譬如有CRC纠错,payload类型。。。
     
    loopback接口,在unix机器上,loopback接口和以太网接口是并列的,这是因为数据在到达loopback之前经过了所有的传输层和网络层。
     
    IP数据在送到链路层的时候,会判断包长是否超过interface的MTU,如果是就
    分片。
    两台通信主机路径上最小的MTU被称为路径MTU,RFC1191讲述了如何发现路径MTU.
     
    SLIP协议中对于交互分组数据优先进入队列,并用响应时间订出了MTU.
    以太网的MTU应该跟载波监听有关。
     
    第三章:IP
    在本章刚开始,定义了unreliable和connectless,unreliable表示包可能中途会丢掉,connectless表示每个数据包独立处理,可以不按顺序发送。
    IP就是一个unreliable,connectless的协议。
     
    IP包头长度从20到64个字节不等!!!
    其中包含IPDA,IPSA,TTL(生存时间),TOS(优先级),payload类型(protocol),与分片有关的信息。
    在交换机\路由器中可能对二层(cos),三层(TOS)乃至四层的信息进行分析,从而确定排队顺序。
    所以我们不能说路由器是一个简单的三层设备。
     
    IP routing分析IPDA,确定nexthop,nexthop是一台路由器或者主机。
    当然,nexthop还暗含了一个网络接口。
     
    这章还讲了子网,我搞不清楚这样讲有什么意义,既然有了CIDR,子网还有什么意思呢?
     

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